Eligibility:

• Non human primate veterinarian. This volume examines the elements of an effective care program--social companionship Primate Medicine. 4: The jejunum of non-human primates is targeted by human norovirus. Within each of these sections, citations are grouped into these species categories: • General non-human primate or multiple species resources • Great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons) Abstract. Alopecia is manifested as hair loss without any clinical changes at the skin surface. 30802/AALAS-JAALAS-24-000029. As large, intelligent, social, long-lived, and non-domesticated animals, monkeys are amongst the most challenging species used in biomedical research and Owing to their size, cost, and availability, the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) has surpassed the rhesus macaque in its use as a non-human primate preclinical model for drug safety Visual signals. The NPRCs provide superior animal care. Tests should be conducted to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates. ). The virus can be transmitted from these NHPs to humans through exposure to the animal's saliva Veterinary Pathologist DEPARTMENT WNPRC Animal Services, Pathology Services and Tissue Distribution Unit Head CONTACT Heather Simmons’ email (608) 263-3559CURRICULUM VITAE Heather Simmon’s Curriculum Vitae ALIGNED RESEARCH FOCUS Comparative pathology, aging, cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In many cases, it is unsafe to attempt palpation of the painful site in a conscious nonhuman primate unless the animal is trained to cooperate with such an examination. Research with nonhuman primates should avoid pain and distress at every opportunity. Baker DVM, MS, PHD, DACLAM (EDITOR-IN-CHIEF) , 5 groups of simian primates. It suggests that to continue the complex task of determining how the psychological well-being of captive nonhuman primates can be best enhanced, one must reject the polarizing idea that there are two opposing groups in contention for this determination: the animal welfare group and animal Transmission between nonhuman primates is via direct or indirect contact with infected blood and other body fluids or from dam to offspring. Jan 14, 2009 · Conclusion Here, we summarize the most common practices as regards TB control and prevention for non-human primates, and attempt to establish a uniform guideline based upon our experience with primate husbandry and care programmes as well as recent developments in the literature. Chapters detail the history of primates in captivity, ethical and legal issues surrounding the use of nonhuman primates as entertainment or in research, the different approaches that welfare are measured, and how housing, enrichment, and other conditions can foster or degrade welfare. The attending veterinarian cannot exempt an animal, even for medical reasons. Ammersbach is a veterinary clinical pathologist with a special interest in non-traditional species. We also present current putative data that Mayaro, o'nyong'nyong, Oropouche, Spondweni and Lumbo viruses Mar 1, 2019 · Association of Primate Veterinarians Food Restriction Guidelines for Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci . The bulk of the published literature does not provide an organized evidence-based approach to the NHP dermatologic case. The care of wild ruminants may expose workers to livestock pathogens such as brucellosis and Q fever. Jul 28, 2023 · Jul 28, 2023 12:00 am. The Association of Primate Veterinarians recognizes that injuries occur periodically in nonhuman primates (NHP) in social housing as well as in single housing settings. For 75 years, Charles River employees have worked together to assist in the discovery, development and safe manufacture of new drug therapies. Nov 1, 2021 · Abstract. The research on nonhuman primates and the results obtained could support various discoveries relevant to human application. Visual signals are an important component of non-human primate behaviour, alone or in combination with vocalisations, scents or touching. Information from the CDC is available at www. First dose at >6 months old, booster in 6 months, then at 6–7 years. May 1, 2022 · Association of Primate Veterinarians Guideline for Semen Collection in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci . Commercial monkey diets contain vitamin C that is stable for 3 months after the diet is milled and packaged, if properly stored. Antibiotics and Antifungals. When you join our family, you will have a significant impact on the health and well-being of people across The assessment should be based on the behavior of an individual animal and not simply on normative physical and behavioral profiles of the species. The state-of-the-art facilities will enable SNPRC to Nonhuman Primate Therapeutics a. In assessing general well-being, physical health is probably the easiest to assess on the basis of established veterinary procedures for captive nonhuman primates (Bennett and others 1995; Keeling and Wolf 1975). The following guidelines are also general recommendations and consequently do not The well-being of non-human primates (NHPs) in captivity is of joint concern to scientists, veterinarians, colony managers, caretakers, and researchers working with NHPs in biomedical research. • Daniel Clein, a graduate student in Animal Sciences at the University of Florida who primates, abnormal behavior exhibited by nonhuman primates, social housing, and animal training as an enrichment strategy. /V. Although behavior that deviates from species-typical patterns warrants further exploration, the expression of atypical behavior in an animal might not be sufficient evidence to infer a serious detriment in psychological well-being. Hypovitaminosis C may cause immunosuppression and increase susceptibility to infectious diseases before clinical signs of the deficiency appear. As large, intelligent, social, long-lived, and non-domesticated animals, monkeys are amongst the most challenging species used in biomedical research and May 4, 2023 · The committee was charged with examining the current and future roles of nonhuman primates (NHPs) in research supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Association of Primate Veterinarians (APV) supports the responsible use of primates in biomedical research. The following guidelines aim to provide information to researchers, animal caregivers, veterinarians, and institutional animal care and use committees The purpose of this guidance document is to provide veterinarians and other individuals associated with domestic transportation of nonhuman primates (NHP) with an overview of the critical aspects of the process including planning, execution, and post-transport phases. Nonhuman Primate Therapeutics. The book provides a wealth of specific and useful information about the psychological attributes and needs of the most widely used and exhibited nonhuman primates. Nonhuman primates must be enrolled in the program and cannot be exempted. Readable and well-organized, it will be welcomed by animal care and use committees, facilities administrators, enforcement inspectors, animal advocates, researchers, veterinarians Jul 24, 2021 · Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are phylogenetically close to human beings and are considered as most comparable to the human-animal model for translational research. S. These two types of monkeys represent the Jan 1, 1995 · This chapter discusses the commitment to animal welfare that exist within the scientific community. A 1985 amendment to the Animal Welfare Act requires those who keep nonhuman primates to develop and follow appropriate plans for promoting the animals' psychological well-being. Nonhuman primates that participate in research are provided excellent veterinary medical care by veterinarians who are board certified by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM), which is a specialty board recognized by the American Non Human Primates Be a part of our community We are veterinarians working with Non Human Primates Register now September the 19th-20th, 2024, NHP in Neuroscience About. Similar to all research models, there are important considerations that should be taken care when using non-human primates for drug safety studies. There are many potential projects, including Clinical Veterinarian (Non-human Primates) Req ID #: 221870. To register and receive information about the matching program, please visit: www. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium avium complex can cause severe disease of the lungs and other organs in free-range and captive large apes, as well as in New and Old World primates. virmp. New items are added to the program through an approval system including veterinary staff, animal care supervisory staff, and Behavioral Scientist. The program must include time spent outside. The areas of expertise of clinical pathologists include clinical chemistry, hematology and cytology. Metronidazole. The first sign Dec 27, 2010 · Guidelines for occupational health programs for zoo workers have been published by the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. As cynomolgus macaques are bred cynomolgus monkeys have an average life span the most common species of non-human primate used in of approximately 31 years and when fully grown range preclinical research, this review has been focused on this from 5 to 8 kg (11–17. Conspecific social contact is the most critical element of the enrichment program, in recognition of the social nature of nonhuman primates. gastroenteritis in NHPs. The Association of Primate Veterinarians (APV) recognizes that several forms of restraint, including physical and chemical, are necessary for the safe handling of nonhuman primates (NHPs). The mission of the U. This document describes the types of wounds typical to NHP, therapeutic approaches, and considerations to reduce the occurrence of wounds. evidence Rabies (killed vaccine) 1. the anatomic site typically used for the intradermal tuberculosis test in NHPs. In all cases, the potential benefits of any research should be evaluated against the potential risks to the nonhuman primate subjects. This is not intended to be an all-inclusive tutorial on drug combinations that can be used in non-human primates. Smaller primates will dehydrate and become hypoglycemic very rapidly. Infection may be caused by contact with infected human caregivers or other animals. Type 2 diabetes and the U. Unless the basis for exemption is a permanent condition, the exemption must be reviewed at least every 30 days by the attending veterinarian. Measles (MMR vaccine, for macaques) 0. Hemorrhagic viral zoonoses, such as Ebola, Marburg, and mosquito-borne yellow fever, are risks with wild-caught animals. 2022 May 1;61(3):223-225. 81 (e)(1)) (2). The Association of Primate Veterinarians recently issued guidelines for nonhuman primate restraint which state that “Whenever possible, nonhuman primates should be trained, using positive reinforcement principles, to…participate voluntarily with routine experimental practices. While clinicians should use antimicrobials to treat documented cases of illness, the decision to prescribe antimicrobials must take into account the Association of Primate Veterinarians Crestwyn Hills Drive Memphis, TN 38125 Phone: (901) 759-7564 Fax: (901) 753-0046 Email: info@primatevets. The 22 cases included baboons ( n = 10), macaques ( n = 9), and May 5, 2010 · Macaques (rhesus and cynomolgus) and other Old and New World primates are widely used in research. These guidelines were developed to Apr 21, 2023 · The program which coordinates this activity at U-M is the Primate Environmental Enrichment Plan (PEEP); its structure and operation is described in Environmental Enrichment for Non-Human Primates. Extensively updated to include current literature, The Laboratory Nonhuman Primate, Second Edition, continues to serve as a quick reference source for technicians, caretakers, veterinarians, researchers, and students working with primates in biomedical research. Non-traditional species include exotic pets, zoo animals, wildlife and laboratory animals. recorded by the attending veterinarian for each exempted nonhuman primate. Upon the arrival of NHPs into quarantine, the veterinary technicians should inform the PEEP Coordinator so that the proper enrichment forms can be Aug 7, 2020 · KJ is the first non-human primate treated with stem cells by CSU veterinarians. Our veterinarians Abstract. Veterinary dermatologists in general do not have extensive. Do not vaccinate pregnant animals. Primate Medicine provides high quality centralized clinical care, research support, training, and veterinary oversight to ensure compliance with optimized standards of research conduct and animal care. gov. At the start of the 20th century, there were few mandatory requirements for captive animals in research environments. Research salary, company info, career paths, and top skills for Clinical Veterinarian, Nonhuman Primate However, when used together, they might provide a detailed picture of a primate's psychological health. Parasite infection rates are summarized in Table 1. It focuses on what is known about the psychological needs of primates and makes suggestions for assessing and promoting their well-being. Also, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offer information on good work practices when working with non-human primates and other animals. Dec 1, 2017 · This document has been designed by ULAM veterinary personnel as a guideline for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia of laboratory non-human primates. Due to the wide variety of clinical presentations, assessing This volume reviews the broad topic of welfare in nonhuman primates under human care. Jejunal biopsies from challenged animals were collected at different timepoints to monitor ongoing infection in the gut. Location: Houston, TX, US, 77047. As with Animal care for nonhuman primates [NHPs] in biomedical facilities has undergone major changes in the past few decades. See our list of references on the topic of Health and Welfare Research in Captive and Wild Monkeys. Humane endpoint criteria should be developed for every research project to identify when a NHP should be removed from a study, provided with Maginnis (Nonhuman Primate Specialist Veterinary Medical Officer, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) for reviewing citations and answering technical questions about the bibliography. experience of nonhuman primate (NHP) dermatoses. 81 for more details Animal Care has developed a form to Mar 8, 2024 · Macacine herpesvirus 1, also known as Herpes B virus is carried by non-human primate (NHP) in the genus Macaca, such as the rhesus ( Macaca mulatta ), cynomolgus ( M, fascicularis ), pigtail macaque (M. • For a research facility, the Committee may exempt an individual nonhuman primate Welcome to the Nonhuman Primate (NHP) Transportation Module. A List of primate Veterinarians Oklahoma State University takes emergency calls for primate they are located in Stillwater OK (405)744-7000 The vet list was compiled of DVM's that will work with Sep 25, 2006 · Experienced veterinary staff should be available to monitor nonhuman primates under anesthesia, and emergency drug kits should always be accessible. Jan 1, 2020 · Association of Primate Veterinarians' Humane Endpoint Guidelines for Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research The Association of Primate Veterinarians (APV) strongly recommends the use of humane endpoints to prevent, alleviate, or reduce pain and distress in nonhuman primates (NHPs) in biomedical research. An important differential diagnosis for these zoonoses is simian hemorrhagic fever. M. APV supports the careful evaluation of each animal to determine if retirement is appropriate. exceptions, the literature does not provide an organized. The femoral vein and artery are the preferred site for blood sample collection in nonhuman primates. Apply for the Job in Clinical Veterinarian, Nonhuman Primate at Iberia, LA. It Dec 21, 2023 · In this issue of NSR, the Special Topic on ‘Non-human Primates as Animal Model Systems’ focuses on two animal species that are closest to humans, the macaque and marmoset monkeys, whose evolutionary lineages were separated from the human lineage about 25 and 35 million years ago, respectively. In all NHP categories, protozoa were more common than helminths. This condition can be a result of various causes including clinical, environmental, or behavioral factors. Jul 1, 2009 · Introduction. In some cases, tuberculosis in nonhuman primates has been treated with drugs that have had success in humans—eg, isoniazid, ethambutol, and rifampin. This button displays the currently selected search type. 6 pounds) in weight and from 43 to species. As described in Chapter 2, NHPs play an essential role in advancing scientific research that continues to improve and preserve countless lives by, for example, enabling the development of safe and effective vaccines against Apr 20, 2021 · The number of nonhuman primates used in research should be the minimum required for valid research results. This meeting was preceded by the 7th annual Translational HIV Vaccine ESI Conference, organized . Sep 20, 2022 · OWM were the most affected group of primates, with a prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of 93. Recruitment will be through the Veterinary Internship/Residency Matching Program (VIRMP). Azithromycin. a. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates recommends practical approaches to meeting those requirements. Qualifications Education: Veterinary degree (D. Successful program candidates are paired with a TNPRC faculty veterinarian and exposed to all aspects of diagnostic and clinical veterinary medicine including breeding colony health surveillance, research support, clinical nonhuman primate medicine, surgery Feb 6, 2024 · Fig. The WaNPRC remains a vibrant, highly productive research institution within the University of Washington, providing a wide variety of primate May 23, 2024 · The California National Primate Research Center hosted the 40th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS from October 10 -13, 2023, at the University of California Davis Activities and Recreation Center in Davis, California. Aug 23, 2017 · Nonhuman primates are the ideal model for testing new therapies for people with diabetes, including the artificial pancreas, drugs and devices. The present guideline represents a consensus recommendation Interferon-gamma and serologic assays can be used for diagnosis. 25–50 mg/kg, PO, twice daily for 10 days (gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel disease); 15 mg/kg, slow IV, twice daily for anaerobic infections. D. In general, veterinary dermatologists do not have extensive clinical experience of nonhuman primate (NHP) dermatoses. If tolerated, these samples can be collected on awake and restrained patients. 79 Zoonotic risks to nonhuman primate handlers resemble those of workers in primate research facilities. Administration of griseofulvin at 20 mg/kg, PO, once daily; itraconazole at 5–10 mg/kg, PO, once daily; ketoconazole at 5 May 16, 2007 · Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Search for more papers by this author Book Author(s): David G. Federal laws in the United States have been in place for over 50 years that set the minimum standards of care and treatment for research animals Nov 1, 2021 · The Association of Primate Veterinarians (APV) recognizes that antimicrobials are commonly prescribed for prophylactic, therapeutic, and experimental management of nonhuman primates (NHP). The attending veterinarian cannot exempt an animal, even for medical The amount and type of care required to promote the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates in captivity depend on a great number of variables, including individual animal characteristics, species, opportunities for natural social interaction, degree of confinement, purpose or goal of confinement, and projected length of confinement. upper eyelid. • Experience: Zero to two years related experience with animal care and surgical techniques. 11 mg/kg, IM or SC, once daily; 11 mg/kg, PO, twice daily. Feb 2, 2022 · Nonhuman primates are critically important animal models in which to study complex human diseases, understand biological functions, and address the safety of new diagnostics and therapies proposed for human use. That mission cannot be accomplished without relevant research using nonhuman primates as models. The Association of Primate Veterinarians (APV) is an international organization consisting of over 400 veterinarians concerned with the health, care and welfare of nonhuman primates (NHPs). 1%, respectively. 6%, followed by AP (63. obesity epidemic are linked – obesity is a contributing factor to the condition. Increased restrictions on exportation or reduced availability of nonhuman primates from countries of origin The well-being of non-human primates (NHPs) in captivity is of joint concern to scientists, veterinarians, colony managers, caretakers, and researchers working with NHPs in biomedical research. 0 mL, IM or SC, annually. QUALIFICATIONS: • Education: Veterinary degree (D. Reproducible research results depend on physically and psychologically fit animals, and that requires a commitment to the highest standards in laboratory animal care, specialized for nonhuman primates. The amendment, however, provides few specifics. ” 1 The guidelines also point out that one of the Coccidioidomycosis in non-human primates has been sporadically reported in the literature. GI diseases may be major problems in captive nonhuman primates. It Grooming the animal through the cage bars may be informative if the nonhuman primate is familiar with the observer, and it can be performed safely. doi: 10. More than a third of U. Veterinarian in Boydton, VA Expand search. nemestrina) and other Asiatic macaque species. Nonhuman primates are strong and dextrous and will remove the IV catheter by chewing or pulling if this is not done. Within each of these sections, citations are grouped into these species categories: • General non-human primate or multiple species resources • Great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons) The foremost mission of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is to address the health and welfare of the human species. In late 2019, KJ started to have trouble with his hind legs and was diagnosed Oct 2, 2019 · Here we review the investigation methods and available data on sylvatic cycles involving non-human primates and dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever viruses in Africa, dengue viruses in Asia and yellow fever virus in the Americas. adults are obese and another third are overweight . Based on a review of published research, Johnson said he is also the first non-human primate in the world to be treated therapeutically with stem cells for a naturally occurring disease. Alopecia is a common problem in captive, non-human primates (NHP). View the job description, responsibilities and qualifications for this position. The Primate Medicine team is responsible for the clinical care of over 4,000 nonhuman primates and encompasses all health Association of Primate Veterinarians Guidelines for Cerebrospinal Fluid Aspiration for Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci . 2024 Apr 23. The complex will provide brand new indoor/outdoor housing for up to 800 nonhuman primates and advanced veterinary care capabilities. Tuberculosis in Nonhuman Primates. The cost is $115 for members and $175 for non-members. All those variables will affect decisions regarding Captive-model compares to humans. The veterinary dermatologist is left to extract information from both human and veterinary A List of primate Veterinarians Oklahoma State University takes emergency calls for primate they are located in Stillwater OK (405)744-7000 The vet list was compiled of DVM's that will work with Question: Question 3Which of the following is true of the nonhuman primate psychological wellbeing program mandated by the AWR?Nonhuman primates must be enrolled in the program and cannot be exempted. May support and provide training in the areas of nonhuman primate health and welfare, veterinary and technical training. Efficacy is limited, and there are overriding All nonhuman primates are susceptible to vitamin C deficiency. primates, abnormal behavior exhibited by nonhuman primates, social housing, and animal training as an enrichment strategy. Shigella and Campylobacter. the bacterial agents most commonly associated w. Honoring the spirit of the 3Rs, these guidelines focus on refinement to explore post research retirement of eligible primates. Nonhuman primates are commonly maintained Sep 18, 2023 · Dr. Amoxicillin. Clinical signs include watery or mucoid, blood-tinged feces, rapid dehydration, emaciation, and prostration. Feb 18, 2024 · housing a nonhuman primate where it is unable to see or hear other nonhuman primates; isolation of nonhuman primates with a contagious disease; special attention provided to nonhuman primates that meet one or more of the criteria for special considerations; See regulatory section 3. . Federal laws in the United States have been in place for over 50 years that set the minimum standards of care and treatment for research animals Abstract. NWPs, OWPs, lesser apes, great apes, humans. Topical treatment of ringworm with undecylenic acid ointment or 1% tolnaftate cream, twice daily for 2–3 weeks, may help, but nonhuman primates often orally remove any topical medications, making treatment ineffective. Oct 3, 2023 · The Laboratory Animal/Primate Medicine Service will have 2 open positions; One (1) Laboratory Animal Medicine focus and One (1) Primate Medicine focus. This article will detail some of the issues that must be considered as institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) review the use of nonhuman primates (NHPs) in research. They have genetic, physiologic, immunologic, and developmental similarities when compared to humans and therefore provide important The nonhuman primate species most widely used in research include: Saguinus spp (marmosets) and Callithrix spp (tamarins, marmosets), also of South American origin, have had more limited use in research but are common in the pet trade. Specific anesthesia and analgesia protocols acceptable for use in nonhuman primates have been reviewed in detail [155-158]. Many researchers and veterinarians did not believe that animals had complex mental states or could feel pain. Everything from the coat colour of an animal to the spacing between individuals can play an important role in determining behavioural responses. 6%). 3. Helicobacter spp have been implicated as a cause of gastritis, anorexia, and vomiting. Non-human primates can be an excellent animal model for drug safety studies. NWM and PS were the least affected groups, with prevalence of 40. V. ORGAN SYSTEM/DISEASE FOCUS Infectious diaseases, aging, cancer/neoplasia Oct 15, 2002 · This article clearly identifies exposure to animal blood as a potential risk for the transmission of diseases. (Sect. It provides details on basic husbandry and covers biologic characteristics Since its inception in 1961, the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) has continued to fulfill its National Institutes of Health (NIH) charter to serve as a resource for outstanding biomedical research using nonhuman primate models. Veterinary Medicine is at the heart of all that we do at the Tulane National Primate Research Center. Herpes simplex I. With. This module will provide an overview of the requirements for the international import and export and domestic movement of live nonhuman primates within the United States, and define the role of the accredited veterinarian in each process. 5 mL, SC. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match Jul 27, 2023 · Association of Primate Veterinarians Crestwyn Hills Drive Memphis, TN 38125 Phone: (901) 759-7564 Fax: (901) 753-0046 Email: info@primatevets. org Mark your calendar for Thursday, July 27th from 1:00pm-3:00pm Central Time for the Cardiology for Nonhuman Primate Veterinarians webinar. Jan 31, 2024 · The Tulane National Primate Research Center offers a nine-week Summer Veterinary Program to a limited number of veterinary students. 0% and 37. The IACUC can exempt an animal for scientific reasons. org. cdc. Veterinary Medicine. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is to ensure animal welfare by governing their care and treatment. the organism that causes oral ulcers in human beings that Jul 1, 2022 · Association of Primate Veterinarians Lifetime Use Guidelines for Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research Texas Biomed and the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC) held a groundbreaking ceremony for the new Animal Care Complex in December 2021. This study describes 22 cases of coccidioidomycosis in non-human primates within an endemic region, and 79 cases of coccidioidomycosis from the veterinary literature are also reviewed. Nonhuman primates, in particular rhesus macaque, have helped • May support and provide training in the areas of nonhuman primate health and welfare, veterinary and technical training. org A 1985 amendment to the Animal Welfare Act requires those who keep nonhuman primates to develop and follow appropriate plans for promoting the animals' psychological well-being. Question: Which of the following is true of the nonhuman primate psychological well-being program mandated by the AWR?The program must include time spent outside. Doses should be given at 4–6 months old, then at 1 year old, then annually. 2019 Mar 1;58(2):255-258. APV was informally initiated in 1973 by a key group of attendees at the Workshop in the Clinical Care of Nonhuman Primates, March 7-8, 1973 (National The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates recommends practical approaches to meeting those requirements. fn bl ng fb bs bb ee mr qn lq